If Trees Give You Walnuts, Make Pie.

When the leaves are starting to fall, so are the black walnuts. The nuts seem to be everywhere: stuck in your lawn, speed bumps on your driveway, ankle breakers on the sidewalk, or maybe just the husks are  piled up after a squirrel's feast like the one I found along the Pioneer Trail (shown below). And when they fall, boy do they fall hard. If you have a black walnut tree growing near your house, don't be alarmed by the occasional loud - THUMP of a walnut dropping on your roof. Sometimes these nuts can be a nuisance but they do a whole lot more.

Black walnut husks gathered on a stump.

What does a black walnut look like?

Black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees have a tall straight trunk and leaves that can have over a dozen leaflets. The walnuts hang in clusters of two or by themselves. This time of year, just look for nuts on the ground that are about the size of a tennis ball and about the same color, too. Just don't try to bounce one. It won't work. Trust me, I've tried.

I've found a black walnut nut. Now what?

Pick one up and take a good whiff. They usually have a bit of a lemon-like scent, but if you pick one up after its been lying on the ground for a while, it may smell like a rotting lemon. This is normal. 

The first layer is very fleshy and green, called the husk. Peel away the husk to reveal the nut. You may have noticed as you peel away the husk that now your fingers are getting a little discolored. Now they may smell like a rotting lemon. I suppose I should have warned you about this first. Black walnut husks contain a powerful dye. I might suggest wearing gloves before you hull your next walnut. Black walnut husks also contain an herbicide.

An herbicide, eh?

To other plants and some animals, yes it is but to humans it is generally non-toxic. This herbicide is called juglone and is found is the husk of the fruit and in the roots of the tree. If you have a black walnut tree, it's very likely that it's standing alone or among more black walnuts. The herbicide will prevent certain other plants from growing around the tree, therefore reducing competition for nutrients and space. This clever technique is called allelopathy.

What about the pie?

Inside those thick husks are delicious walnuts. One tree can produce about 100 pounds of nuts, that's equal to about 400 nuts per tree per season. That's a lot of nuts! Squirrels especially love these nuts but you can enjoy them, too. You can remove the husk and wash the nuts. Leave them out to dry for a few weeks and then you can crack open the shell and extract the meat of the nut. You can then use these nuts in whatever way you wish. How does black walnut pie sound?

Learn how to crack your own black walnuts:

Then make your own black walnut pie.


Blog post by Anna Leiss

More Than Monarchs Take Flight from Cold CNY Winters

As the leaves begin to change, so does the wildlife in Central New York.  The temperatures drop and food gets scarce, big and small animals need to adapt to these seasonal changes. Many animals choose to migrate to warmer areas, including insects. The most charismatic insect to do this is the Monarch butterfly.  From when we're in grade school, we learn about the Monarch butterfly and its triumphant journey to Mexico but Monarchs aren't the only butterflies that migrate.

How many other butterflies migrate?
The North American Butterfly Association has listed about a dozen butterflies that fly south in the fall and back north in the spring.

Which butterflies at Baltimore Woods migrate?
Of the butterflies that are seen at Baltimore Woods, the Question Mark, Mourning Cloak, Painted Lady, and Red Admiral all migrate south in the fall in addition to the Monarch. They may not fly as far as Mexico but they will still fly to the southern United States and will often migrate in very large numbers.

     

Question Mark Polygonia interrogationis

Mourning Cloak Nymphalis antiopa

Painted Lady Vanessa cardui

Red Admiral Vanessa atalanta

Baltimore Woods has a fantastic selection of nectar plants for these butterflies, especially near the log cabin. Take a walk on one of these warm fall days and see which butterflies you can find. Not much is known about the migration of other butterflies because they're not as heavily researched as Monarchs. What I do know is that I'm still seeing Mourning Cloaks and Clouded Sulphur butterflies around Baltimore Woods on the sunny days we've been having.

Where do butterflies go if they don't migrate?
Most butterflies do not overwinter as adults. Swallowtails, for example, can be found as pupae buried underground and will emerge as adults in the spring. For those butterflies that do withstand winter, they seek shelter and go into diapause.

Woolly Bear caterpillars

Woolly Bears are not butterflies (they are the Isabella Tiger Moth Psyrrharctia isabella), they are still one of those familiar fuzzy bodies that are often seen crossing roads and paths this time of year. At some point in your life (probably when you were young enough to believe it) you may have been told a legend that the larger the orange band on woolly bear caterpillars, the longer the coming winter will be and vice versa.

What the large orange band actually means is how close the caterpillar is to overwintering. The orange band grows with each molt so instead of getting worried about how you're going to survive another frigid winter, you can determine if the woolly bear is ready for winter or not, depending on the length of its band. They will freeze solid throughout winter, producing a cryoprotectant in their tissues so they can continue feeding in the spring. From there the life cycle moves quickly and the larva hatches from an egg again in the fall.


What butterflies and caterpillars have you seen this fall?


Blog post by Anna Leiss